A.
DEFINITION OF ZAKAT
Zakat by language means growing,
growing, sanctifying and praising. While the meaning of zakat in the
perspective of the terminology of Islam is to issue a number of parts that have
been determined according to the syara of the property specified and submitted
to certain groups in a certain way. Zakat according to some scholars, namely:
1.
According to Imam Malik
Issuance of a
special portion of the special treasury which has reached nisab (the limits of
the quantity obligating zakat) to the people entitled to receive it with the
record of ownership is full and reaches haul, not the mine and not the
agriculture
2.
According to Madya
Syafii
An expression
for the disposal of a treasure or body in a special way
3.
According to the
Hanbali school
Rights that must
be excluded from special property for special groups as well
4.
According to Malikiyah
Issuance of a
certain portion of certain property that has reached nishab to the person
entitled to receive, if ownership, haul (even one year) has been perfect in
addition to minerals, plants and findings.
5.
According to Hanafiyah
The granting of
property rights to certain property of certain property to certain persons
determined by the Shari'a, merely because of Allah SWT.[1]
6.
According to Shafi'iyah
Name for goods
issued for property or entity (human self to zakat fitrah) to certain parties.
7.
According to Hanabillah
The right that
is obligated to certain property to a certain group at a certain time.[2]
Thus zakat is that every treasure
that has been issued zakat will be holy, clean, good, bless, grow and develop.
QS. AT TAUBAH : 103
MEANING: "Take zakat from some
of their property, with that charity you clean and purify them and pray for
them. Verily, your prayer is a serenity for them. And Allah is Hearing,
Knower."
QS. AR RUM
: 39
MEANING:
"And something riba (additional) that you give so that he increases on
human property, then usury does not add to the side of Allah SWT. And what do
you give in the form of zakat you mean to achieve the pleasure of Allah SWT. So
(so do) it is those who multiply (reward) "
B.
LAW OF PRIZE ZAKAT
Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam, which is its
kefardhuan. Zakat was frozen in Madinah in the month of Shawwal in the second
year of Hijri after the Ramadhan fasting chapel and the zakat fitrah. However,
zakat fitrah is not obligatory for prophets by ijma '. For, zakat fitrah is a
sanctified tool of the people who may be dirty, while the prophets are free
from dirt. Because, what is in their hands is a deposit from Allah SWT. They
have no ownership. They are also not inherited. Zakat coincides with the
prayers in the Qur'an at eighty-four, which shows the perfection of the
relationship between the two.
Zakat must be due to kitabullah, sunnah of the Prophet, and
ijma 'of the Muslims. The basic kitabullah about the command to pay zakat is as
follows,
QS. AL BAQARAH : 43
MEANING: "And establish prayer,
pay zakat and bow with the people who ruku '."
QS. AT TAUBAH : 103
MEANING: "Take zakat from some
of their property, with that charity you clean and purify them and pray for
them. Verily, your prayer is a serenity for them. And Allah is Hearing,
Knower."
The basic
sunnah is on the words of Prophet Muhammad SAW,
بني
الأسلام على خمس.... وايتاءالزكاة. رواه البخارى ومسلم
MEANING: "Islam is assumed on
the 5 foundations ... to pay zakat"[3]
Prophet Muhammad SAW, sent Mu'adz to
Yemen and said,
علمهم انالله قد افترض عليهم صدقت
تؤخذ من اغنيا ئهم فترد على فقر ائهم
MEANING: "Let them know that
Allah requires them the shadaqah taken by their rich men, returned to their
paupers."
Based on
the verses and sunnah above. Obviously, the issue of zakat is mandatory as one
of the pillars of Islam.
[1] The
word "granting of property rights" is not included in it
"something the law permits." Therefore, if someone gives orphan food
with zakat intention, then it is not enough as zakat. Unless the person handed
over the food to the orphan, as if the person was giving clothes to the orphan.
It is with the condition that the orphan understood well the recipient of the
goods.
[2] If someone lets a poor person stay
home for a year, while his zakat intentions, then this is not enough to be the
zakat of the person. Part of the point, the level to be paid (issued). Certain
property is the nishab that has been determined according to syara '. Certain
people are the ones who are entitled to receive zakat. The phrase
"prescribed by the Shari'a" means a certain seventh nishab which has
passed one year except the shadaqah sunnah and the zakat fitrah. The phrase
"for Allah SWT" means with the purpose of obtaining the pleasure of
Allah SWT.
The particular group is meant by the
eight groups mentioned by the word of Allah SWT,
QS. AT TAUBAH: 60
MEANING: "Those zakat are only
for the poor, the poor, the managers of zakat, the mu'allaf who are persuaded
their hearts, to (liberate) the slaves, the debtors, for the way of Allah and
for them yuang are on the way, as an obligatory provision of Allah, and Allah
is Knower, Wise. "
One year's time is for livestock,
money, merchandise; when it is hardened for seed; when it looks good which is
the obligatory zakat for fruit; when there is already a zakat obligation in it
for honey; when issuing matters to be zoned for minerals; when sunset on the
night of Eid al-Fitr for the obligation of zakat fitrah.
Words are required to exclude rights
that are alienated such as starting a greeting, escorting the corpse. Speeches
for treasures exclude greeting remarks and the like. Certain sayings exclude
what is mandatory for all assets such as debt and livelihood.
[3] The
third hadith Arba'in Nawawi which means "From Abu Abdurrahman Abdullah bin
Umar bin Khattab ra. Said: I heard the Prophet SAW, said, 'Islam is founded on
the five foundations, testifying that there is no god except Allah, and
Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, establishing Salat, performing Zakat, Hajj
to the House of God, in the month of Ramadan '"(Bukhari and Muslim)
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